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Painter, theatrical designer, art critic. Born in Theodosia in Tauride Province (1867). Studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1893–94) and Académie Fernand Cormon in Paris (1894–99). Member of the Montparnasse circle of Russian artists in Paris (1900). Member and exhibitor of the Moscow Fellowship of Artists (1899), Salon d’Automne (1900s), New Society of Artists (1907, 1908), Union of Russian Artists (1909), French National Society of Artists (1909) and World of Art (1911–15). Wrote articles for Russian art magazines (from 1903). Designed for theatres in St Petersburg (1907–17) and Europe (from 1920). Died at the age of 101 in Monaco (1968), buried in Nice (1968) and reburied in Sukhumi in Georgia (1985). Contributed to exhibitions (from 1894). Contributed to the Sergei Makovsky Salon (1909), Vladimir Izdebsky Salon (1909–10), World Exhibition in Brussels (1910) and Exhibition of Russian Art in Paris and Berlin (1906).