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German gem-cutter, medallist, teacher. Hallmark: ICI or I?C?I? or I:C:I: or I.C.I. Born in Hesse (mid-18th century). Lived and worked in St Petersburg (1772–91), where he carved intaglio portraits of Catherine the Great on sapphires. Worked at the St Petersburg Mint (1772–91), where he collaborated with Johann Balthasar Gass and engraved medals commemorating important events from the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Taught steel engraving and gem carving at the Imperial Academy of Arts (1776–78). Died in an unknown location (after 1791).